Explorer 31 ion mass spectrometer experiment

Ion mass spectrometer experimental design on Explorer 31 satellite and data processing techniques for ionospheric compositio

Crassulacean acid metabolism in the Gesneriaceae

The occurrence of the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) was studied in four epiphytic species of the Gesneriaceae: two neotropical species, Codonanthe crassifolia and Columnea linearis, and two paleotropical species, Aoschynanthus pulcher and Saintpaulia ionantha. Gas exchange parameters, enzymology, and leaf anatomy, including mesophyll succulence and rel­ ative percent of the mesophyll volume occupied by airspace, were studied for each species. Codonanthe crassifolia was the only species to show nocturnal CO2 uptake and a diurnal organic acid fluctuation. According to these results, Codonanthe crassifolia shows CAM-cycling under well-watered conditions and when subjected to drought, it switches to CAM-idling. Other characteristics, such as leaf anatomy, mesophyll succulence, and PEP carboxylase and NADP malic enzyme activity, indicate attributes of the CAM pathway. All other species tested showed C3 photosynthesis. The most C3-like species is Columnea linearis, according to the criteria tested in this investigation. The other two species show mesophyll succulence and relative percent of the leaf volume occupied by airspace within the CAM range, but no other characters of the CAM pathway. The leaf structure of certain genera of the Gesneriaceae and of the genus Peperomia in the Piperaceae are similar, both having an upper succulent, multiple epidermis, a medium palisade of one or a few cell layers, and a lower, succulent spongy parenchyma not too unlike CAM photosynthetic tissue. We report ecophysiological similarities between these two distantly related families. Thus, the occurrence of CAM-cycling may be more common among epiphytic species than is currently known

Excitation of the molecular gas in the nuclear region of M82

We present high-resolution HIFI spectroscopy of the nucleus of the archetypical starburst galaxy M 82. Six ^(12)CO lines, 2 ^(13)CO lines and 4 fine-structure lines have been detected. Besides showing the effects of the overall velocity structure of the nuclear region, the line profiles also indicate the presence of multiple components with different optical depths, temperatures, and densities in the observing beam. The data have been interpreted using a grid of PDR models. It is found that the majority of the molecular gas is in low density (n = 10^(3.5) cm^(-3)) clouds, with column densities of N_H = 10^(21.5) cm^(-2) and a relatively low UV radiation field (G_0 = 10^2). The remaining gas is predominantly found in clouds with higher densities (n = 10^5 cm^(-3)) and radiation fields (G_0 = 10^(2.75)), but somewhat lower column densities (N_H = 10^(21.2) cm^(-2)). The highest J CO lines are dominated by a small (1% relative surface filling) component, with an even higher density (n = 10^6 cm^(-3)) and UV field (G_0 = 10^(3.25)). These results show the strength of multi-component modelling for interpretating the integrated properties of galaxies

Valuing labour: The interaction of law and informal norms in UK agriculture

This is the final version. Available from University of Oxford via the link in this record

From cellular properties to population asymptotics in the Population Balance Equation

Proliferating cell populations at steady state growth often exhibit broad protein distributions with exponential tails. The sources of this variation and its universality are of much theoretical interest. Here we address the problem by asymptotic analysis of the Population Balance Equation. We show that the steady state distribution tail is determined by a combination of protein production and cell division and is insensitive to other model details. Under general conditions this tail is exponential with a dependence on parameters consistent with experiment. We discuss the conditions for this effect to be dominant over other sources of variation and the relation to experiments.Comment: Exact solution of Eq. 9 is adde

Annual Report Readership: A Study of an Agricultural Supply Cooperative

Recent corporate collapses have focussed attention on the (un)reliability of financial information. However, although the agricultural sector, which is significant globally, is run primarily using the cooperative form, there is scant research on these users' perception of financial information. Therefore this paper examines members' readership and understanding of the annual reports of a large, fertiliser cooperative. The findings show that there is a lack of readership of the annual report, due to a lack of understanding and a lack of time. A minority of non-readers trust directors to "do a good job". Preparers of information should focus on making reports more user-friendly and evidence suggests that financial information could be released more strategically using other sources of communication, namely other print media and the internet.cooperatives, annual reports, readership, understanding, Agribusiness,

Institutional Aid and Net Tuition Revenue: Understanding the Relationship Across Private Institutions of Different Carnegie Classifications

Private nonprofit four-year institutions have been increasing the amount of institutional aid provided to students, in the pursuit of enrollment and revenue management objectives and goals. Most of this aid is being funded using the institution’s operating funds. This study investigated the relationship between unfunded institutional aid and net tuition revenue, controlling for institutional characteristics and financial factors. The study was based on panel data analysis using Delta Cost Project data from 2006 to 2015. The findings of this study show that the relationship between unfunded institutional aid and net tuition revenue varies by Carnegie classification. Private nonprofit Bachelor’s institutions can increase net tuition revenue using unfunded institutional aid, but this relationship has a peak of 39%. This study also reviewed other factors that are associated with increasing net tuition revenue

Institutional Aid and Net Tuition Revenue: Understanding the Relationship Across Private Institutions of Different Carnegie Classifications

Private nonprofit four-year institutions have been increasing the amount of institutional aid provided to students, in the pursuit of enrollment and revenue management objectives and goals. Most of this aid is being funded using the institution’s operating funds. This study investigated the relationship between unfunded institutional aid and net tuition revenue, controlling for institutional characteristics and financial factors. The study was based on panel data analysis using Delta Cost Project data from 2006 to 2015. The findings of this study show that the relationship between unfunded institutional aid and net tuition revenue varies by Carnegie classification. Private nonprofit Bachelor’s institutions can increase net tuition revenue using unfunded institutional aid, but this relationship has a peak of 39%. This study also reviewed other factors that are associated with increasing net tuition revenue

Effectiveness of the ADEC as a level 2 screening test for young children with suspected autism spectrum disorders in a clinical setting

Background The Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC) is a clinician-administered, Level 2 screening tool. A retrospective file audit was used to investigate its clinical effectiveness. Method Toddlers referred to an Australian child development service between 2008 and 2010 (N?=?53, M age?=?32.2 months) were screened with the ADEC. Their medical records were reviewed in 2013 when their mean age was 74.5 months, and the original ADEC screening results were compared with later diagnostic outcomes. Results The ADEC had good sensitivity (87.5%) and moderate specificity (62%). Three behaviours predicted autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): response to name, gaze switching, and gaze monitoring (p???.001). Conclusions The ADEC shows promise as a screening tool that can discriminate between young children with ASDs and those who have specific communication disorders or developmental delays that persist into middle childhood but who do not meet the criteria for ASDs

Quantum Reciprocity Conjecture for the Non-Equilibrium Steady State

By considering the lack of history dependence in the non-equilibrium steady state of a quantum system we are led to conjecture that in such a system, there is a set of quantum mechanical observables whose retarded response functions are insensitive to the arrow of time, and which consequently satisfy a quantum analog of the Onsager reciprocity relations. Systems which satisfy this conjecture can be described by an effective Free energy functional. We demonstrate that the conjecture holds in a resonant level model of a multi-lead quantum dot.Comment: References revised to take account of related work on Onsager reciprocity in mesoscopics by Christen, and in hydrodynamics by Mclennan, Dufty and Rub